Lambda sensor

The Lambda Sensor also known as an Oxygen or O₂ sensor gives a voltage feedback to the ECU indicating the amount of oxygen in the exhaust stream, and to allowing accurate control over the combustion mixture. This is important to minimise emissions, maximise fuel economy and ensure the longevity of the catalytic converter.

On a standard Elise exhaust, it is located on the manifold downpipe, screwed into a threaded hole facing the front of the engine. It will (usually) have 4 silicone sheathed wires emerging from it, and may also have an outer heat resistant cover or wrap covering the wires until they have run some distance from the exhaust.

The wires are usually colour coded as follows:

• White (x2) - heater wires. Voltage is supplied via these from the ECU to pre-heat the sensor to its operating temperature when the engine is warming up. Polarity is not important.
• Grey - sensor ground (earth)
• Black - sensor signal (+_ve)

Correct Operation

A correctly operating sensor acts as a fuel cell, producing a voltage by electromechanical means, which typically ranges from around 0.2 volts in the case of a lean mixture to 0.8 volts for a rich mixture. The optimum mixture ratio is reached at around 0.45 volts.

Sensor Testing

• Disconnect the sensor from the ECU at the square, black plastic connector.
• Attach an electronic voltmeter or oscilloscope (adjusted to a 1.0 volt range) across the Black and Grey wires attached to the lambda sensor. This can be done in a number of ways. Paring back the insulation from the wires, attaching probes directly to the pins in the connector, pushing pins or IDC splicing blocks through the insulation on the wires, etc. DO NOT use a moving coil meter to test the sensor, as its low internal resistance will almost certainly damage it.
• Start the engine and allow it to warm up for several minutes. As the heater wire has been disconnected from the sensor, it will take longer than normal for it to reach its 300 degree Centigrade minimum operating temperature.
• Examine the voltage output of the sensor. it should be greater than 0.2 volts. No voltage (or a very tiny voltage, far below 0.2 volts) most likely indicates a faulty sensor.
• Rev the engine and examine the change in voltage at the sensor. There should be practically no time delay between the engine being revved and the change in voltage at the sensor. A long delay may indicate a faulty sensor.

Replacing the Sensor

This is commonly considered to be a complete pain, primarily due to the sensor's tendency to 'weld' itself into the screw fitting in the exhaust manifold, making it very difficult to remove. Access is also extremely tight, and it is likely that there will not be sufficient room to faclitate using a specialist oxygen sensor socket.

One suggested alternative is to cut the wires to the sensor, allowing a suitably sized ring spanner to be used to attempt to remove it.

it is said that Lotus garages have their own special ways and means of removing sensors, and this can involve removing the exhaust manifold entirely, especially where removing the sensor leads to the sensor mounting thread being stripped and having to be re-cut.